![]() ANISE: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions and Warnings. References: Yea, S. Inhibitory effect of anethole on T- lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin- 2 production through down- regulation of the NF- AT and AP- 1. Toxicol. In Vitro 2. Field evaluation of essential oils for reducing attraction by the Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Yu, L., Guo, N., Yang, Y., Wu, X., Meng, R., Fan, J., Ge, F., Wang, X., Liu, J., and Deng, X. ![]() Microarray analysis of p- anisaldehyde- induced transcriptome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Ind Microbiol. Biotechnol. Total Health 1. 99. Bitensky L, Hart JP, Catterall A, et al. Circulating vitamin K levels in patients with fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1. View abstract. Boskabady MH, Ramazani- Assari M. J Ethnopharmacol 2. View abstract. Cataldo, F., Di Stefano, P., Violante, M., Traverso, G., and Mule, M. Pediatr Med Chir 1. ![]() View abstract. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Part 1. 82 - - Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: http: //ecfr. Franks A. Contact allergy to anethole in toothpaste associated with loss of taste. Contact Dermatitis 1. View abstract. Garcia- Gonzalez JJ, Bartolome- Zavala B, Fernandez- Melendez S, et al. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2. ![]() View abstract. Hallstrom H, Thuvander A. View abstract. Haqqaq EG, Abou- Moustafa MA, Boucher W, Theoharides TC. The effect of a herbal water- extract on histamine release from mast cells and on allergic asthma. J Herb Pharmacother 2. View abstract. Ishikawa T, Fujimatu E, Kitajima J. Water- soluble constituents of anise: new glucosides of anethole glycol and its related compounds. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2. Find patient medical information for ANISE on WebMD including its uses, effectiveness, side effects and safety, interactions, user ratings and products that have it. JJ Smith is the author of the New York Times bestseller, The 10-Day Green Smoothie Cleanse, and the #1 national bestseller and USA TODAY bestseller Lose Weight. 10-Day Green Smoothie Cleanse (2014) is a 10-day detox/cleanse made up of green leafy veggies, fruit, and water. Most steroid users are not athletes. Between 1 million and 3 million people (1% of the population) are thought to have misused AAS in the United States.![]() View abstract. Kassi E, Papoutsi Z, Fokialakis N, et al. Greek plant extracts exhibit selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)- like properties. J Agric Food Chem 2. View abstract. Kreydiyyeh SI, Usta J, Knio K, et al. Aniseed oil increases glucose absorption and reduces urine output in the rat. Planta Med 2. 00.
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Stager, J., Wuthrich, B., and Johansson, S. Spice allergy in celery- sensitive patients. Allergy 1. 99. 1; 4. View abstract. Tabanca N, Khan SI, Bedir E, et al. Planta Med 2. 00. View abstract. Twaij HA, Elisha EE, Khalid RM, Paul NJ. Analgesic studies on some Iraqi medicinal plants. Int J Crude Drug Res 1. Schweiz. Med Wochenschr. View abstract. Wuthrich, B. Association with mango allergy? Dtsch. Med Wochenschr 6- 2. V., Rivenson, A., and Kelloff, G. Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by organosulfur compounds. Cancer Res 8- 1- 1. Reichling, J., Kemmerer, B., and Sauer- Gurth, H. Biosynthesis of pseudoisoeugenols in tissue cultures of Pimpinella anisum. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase and cinnamic acid 4- hydroxylase activities. Pharm World Sci 7- 2. Reichling, J., Merkel, B., and Hofmeister, P. Studies on the biological activities of rare phenylpropanoids of the genus Pimpinella. Relaxant effects on tracheal and ileal smooth muscles of the guinea pig. Arzneimittelforschung. Nutrition's 2. 00. Guide to Children's Supplements. Better Nutrition 2. J., Verhagen, H., and van Bladeren, P. Effects of the naturally occurring alkenylbenzenes eugenol and trans- anethole on drug- metabolizing enzymes in the rat liver. Food Chem Toxicol 1. Rydzewski, B., Sulkowski, W., and Miarzynska, M. Olfactory disorders induced by cadmium exposure: a clinical study. Int J Occup. Med Environ. Health 1. 99. 8; 1. A., Caldwell, J., and Smith, R. Metabolism of anethole. Influence of dose size on the route of metabolism of trans- anethole in the rat and mouse. A., Caldwell, J., Hutt, A. J., Anthony, A., and Smith, R. The metabolic disposition of . Xenobiotica 1. 98. A., Caldwell, J., Smith, R. Metabolism of anethole. Pathways of metabolism in the rat and mouse. F., Imanishi, H., Watanabe, M., Ohta, T., and Shirasu, Y. Suppressing effect of antimutagenic flavorings on chromosome aberrations induced by UV- light or X- rays in cultured Chinese hamster cells. Mutat. Res 1. 99. F., Ohta, T., Imanishi, H., Watanabe, M., Matsumoto, K., Kato, T., and Shirasu, Y. Suppressing effects of vanillin, cinnamaldehyde, and anisaldehyde on chromosome aberrations induced by X- rays in mice. Mutat. Res 1. 99. Sasaki, Yu. F, Imanishi, H., Ohta, T., and Shirasu, Y. Effects of antimutagenic flavourings on SCEs induced by chemical mutagens in cultured Chinese hamster cells. Mutat. Res 1. 98. Schaal, B., Marlier, L., and Soussignan, R. Human foetuses learn odours from their pregnant mother's diet. Chem. Senses 2. 00. Scholten, E., Linden, E., and This, H. The life of an anise- flavored alcoholic beverage: does its stability cloud or confirm theory? Langmuir 3- 4- 2. E., Rucker, G., and Backe, W. Arch Pharm. Ber. Dtsch. Pharm. Ges. Schulz, K., Schlenz, K., Metasch, R., Malt, S., Romhild, W., and Dressler, J. Determination of anethole in serum samples by headspace solid- phase microextraction- gas chromatography- mass spectrometry for congener analysis. J Chromatogr. A 7- 2. Genotoxicity of safrole- related chemicals in microbial test systems. Mutat. Res 1. 98. Effect of anethole dithiolthione on human platelet aggregation. Arzneimittelforschung. Sengupta, A., Ghosh, S., Bhattacharjee, S., and Das, S. Indian food ingredients and cancer prevention - an experimental evaluation of anticarcinogenic effects of garlic in rat colon. Asian Pac. J Cancer Prev. Sinkiewicz, A., Winiarski, P., Mackiewicz, H., Owczarzak, H., Janicka- Beutch, L., and Betlejewski, S. F., de Freitas, Pires A., Souza, E. Effects of anethole and structural analogues on the contractility of rat isolated aorta: Involvement of voltage- dependent Ca. Life Sci 9- 8- 2. Sobotka- Wierzbowicz, J. Effect of oil extracted from some medicinal plants on different mycotoxigenic fungi. Food Chem. Toxicol 2. Sparzak, B., Krauze- Baranowska, M., and Pobiocka- Olech, L. High- performance thin- layer chromatography densitometric determination of beta- sitosterol in Phyllanthus species. J AOAC Int 2. 00. G., Jr., Yaden, S., and Lal, H. Behavioral and physiological detection of classically- conditioned blood pressure reduction. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1. Stadler, M., Mayer, A., Anke, H., and Sterner, O. Fatty acids and other compounds with nematicidal activity from cultures of Basidiomycetes. Planta Med 1. 99. Solid phase microextraction of alkenylbenzenes and other flavor- related compounds from tobacco for analysis by selected ion monitoring gas chromatography- mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr. A 1. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med 1. 95. 0; 7. 4(3): 5. Location by odour and turn selection as two stages in the spontaneous alternation of rats. A., Anderson, L., and Bueding, E. Effects of oltipraz, BHA, ADT and cabbage on glutathione metabolism, DNA damage and lipid peroxidation in old mice. J., Rydzewski, B., and Miarzynska, M. Smell impairment in workers occupationally exposed to cadmium. Gas- liquid chromatographic determination of anethole in raw anise and fennel, fennel essential oil and ammonium chloride- anisic drops. Farmatsiya (Moscow) 1. The mutagenicities of safrole, estragole, eugenol, trans- anethole, and some of their known or possible metabolites for Salmonella typhimurium mutants. Mutat. Res 1. 97. Tabanca, N., Bedir, E., Ferreira, D., Slade, D., Wedge, D. I., Kirimer, N., Baser, K. Bioactive constituents from Turkish Pimpinella species. Tabanca, N., Demirci, B., Ozek, T., Kirimer, N., Baser, K. H., Bedir, E., Khan, I. Gas chromatographic- mass spectrometric analysis of essential oils from Pimpinella species gathered from Central and Northern Turkey. J Chromatogr A 6- 9- 2. Tabanca, N., Ma, G., Pasco, D. S., Bedir, E., Kirimer, N., Baser, K. Effect of essential oils and isolated compounds from Pimpinella species on NF- kappa. B: a target for antiinflammatory therapy. Phytother. Res 2. S., Hili, P., and Naughton, D. 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Optimization of a chemical attractant for Epicometis (Tropinota) hirta Poda. Z. Naturforsch. C 2. Toulon, J., Bruyere, G., Berthoux, F., and Moulin, J. Presse Med 4- 2. 3- 1. Schweiz. Med Wochenschr. Truhaut, R., Le Bourhis, B., Attia, M., Glomot, R., Newman, J., and Caldwell, J. Chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study of trans- anethole in rats. A., Testa, B., and Caldwell, J. Anabolic steroid - Wikipedia. This article is about androgens as medications. For androgens as natural hormones, see Androgen. Anabolic steroids, also known more properly as anabolic- androgenic steroids (AAS). They are anabolic and increase protein within cells, especially in skeletal muscles. AAS also have varying degrees of androgenic and virilizing effects, including induction of the development and maintenance of masculinesecondary sexual characteristics such as the growth of the vocal cords and body hair. The word anabolic, referring to anabolism, comes from the Greek . The American College of Sports Medicine acknowledges that AAS, in the presence of adequate diet, can contribute to increases in body weight, often as lean mass increases and that the gains in muscular strength achieved through high- intensity exercise and proper diet can be additionally increased by the use of AAS in some individuals. Their use is referred to as doping and banned by most major sporting bodies. For many years, AAS have been by far the most detected doping substances in IOC- accredited laboratories. Testosterone is now nearly the only androgen used for this purpose and has been shown to increase height, weight, and fat- free mass in boys with delayed puberty. These sports include bodybuilding, weightlifting, shot put and other track and field, cycling, baseball, wrestling, mixed martial arts, boxing, football, and cricket. Such use is prohibited by the rules of the governing bodies of most sports. AAS use occurs among adolescents, especially by those participating in competitive sports. It has been suggested that the prevalence of use among high- school students in the U. S. Oral administration is the most convenient. Testosterone administered by mouth is rapidly absorbed, but it is largely converted to inactive metabolites, and only about 1/6 is available in active form. In order to be sufficiently active when given by mouth, testosterone derivatives are alkylated at the 1. This modification reduces the liver's ability to break down these compounds before they reach the systemic circulation. Testosterone can be administered parenterally, but it has more irregular prolonged absorption time and greater activity in muscle in enanthate, undecanoate, or cypionateester form. These derivatives are hydrolyzed to release free testosterone at the site of injection; absorption rate (and thus injection schedule) varies among different esters, but medical injections are normally done anywhere between semi- weekly to once every 1. A more frequent schedule may be desirable in order to maintain a more constant level of hormone in the system. In addition, because estered testosterone is dissolved in oil, intravenous injection has the potential to cause a dangerous embolism (clot) in the bloodstream. Transdermal patches (adhesive patches placed on the skin) may also be used to deliver a steady dose through the skin and into the bloodstream. Testosterone- containing creams and gels that are applied daily to the skin are also available, but absorption is inefficient (roughly 1. Individuals who are especially physically active and/or bathe often may not be good candidates, since the medication can be washed off and may take up to six hours to be fully absorbed. There is also the risk that an intimate partner or child may come in contact with the application site and inadvertently dose himself or herself; children and women are highly sensitive to testosterone and can suffer unintended masculinization and health effects, even from small doses. Injection is the most common method used by individuals administering AAS for non- medical purposes. Studies indicate that the anabolic properties of AAS are relatively similar despite the differences in pharmacokinetic principles such as first- pass metabolism. However, the orally available forms of AAS may cause liver damage in high doses. AAS were ranked 1. Long- term steroid abusers may develop symptoms of dependence and withdrawal on discontinuation of AAS. Recreational AAS use appears to be associated with a range of potentially prolonged psychiatric effects, including dependence syndromes, mood disorders, and progression to other forms of substance abuse, but the prevalence and severity of these various effects remains poorly understood. As a result, AAS users may get misdiagnosed by a psychiatrist not told about their habit. Case reports describe both hypomania and mania, along with irritability, elation, recklessness, racing thoughts and feelings of power and invincibility that did not meet the criteria for mania/hypomania. Compared with individuals that did not use steroids, young adult males that used AAS reported greater involvement in violent behaviors even after controlling for the effects of key demographic variables, previous violent behavior, and polydrug use. The drug response was highly variable. However: 8. 4% of subjects exhibited minimal psychiatric effects, 1. The mechanism of these variable reactions could not be explained by demographic, psychological, laboratory, or physiological measures. There have been anecdotal reports of depression and suicide in teenage steroid users. A 1. 99. 2 review found that AAS may both relieve and cause depression, and that cessation or diminished use of AAS may also result in depression, but called for additional studies due to disparate data. Most of these side- effects are dose- dependent, the most common being elevated blood pressure, especially in those with pre- existing hypertension. For example, AAS may prematurely stop the lengthening of bones (premature epiphyseal fusion through increased levels of estrogen metabolites), resulting in stunted growth. Other effects include, but are not limited to, accelerated bone maturation, increased frequency and duration of erections, and premature sexual development. AAS use in adolescence is also correlated with poorer attitudes related to health. Development of breast tissue in males, a condition called gynecomastia (which is usually caused by high levels of circulating estradiol), may arise because of increased conversion of testosterone to estradiol by the enzyme aromatase. This side- effect is temporary; the size of the testicles usually returns to normal within a few weeks of discontinuing AAS use as normal production of sperm resumes. Alteration of fertility and ovarian cysts can also occur in females. The kidney damage in the bodybuilders has similarities to that seen in morbidly obese patients, but appears to be even more severe. Water- soluble peptide hormones cannot penetrate the fatty cell membrane and only indirectly affect the nucleus of target cells through their interaction with the cell. However, as fat- soluble hormones, AAS are membrane- permeable and influence the nucleus of cells by direct action. The pharmacodynamic action of AAS begin when the exogenous hormone penetrates the membrane of the target cell and binds to an androgen receptor (AR) located in the cytoplasm of that cell. From there, the compound hormone- receptor diffuses into the nucleus, where it either alters the expression of genes. It has been hypothesized that this reduction in muscle breakdown may occur through AAS inhibiting the action of other steroid hormones called glucocorticoids that promote the breakdown of muscles. Through a number of mechanisms AAS stimulate the formation of muscle cells and hence cause an increase in the size of skeletal muscles, leading to increased strength. Depending on the length of use, the side effects of the steroid can be irreversible. Processes affected include pubertal growth, sebaceous gland oil production, and sexuality (especially in fetal development). Some examples of virilizing effects are growth of the clitoris in females and the penis in male children (the adult penis size does not change due to steroids. Men may develop an enlargement of breast tissue, known as gynecomastia, testicular atrophy, and a reduced sperm count. Compounds with a high ratio of androgenic to an anabolic effects are the drug of choice in androgen- replacement therapy (e. Determination of androgenic: anabolic ratio is typically performed in animal studies, which has led to the marketing of some compounds claimed to have anabolic activity with weak androgenic effects. This disassociation is less marked in humans, where all AAS have significant androgenic effects. The VP weight is an indicator of the androgenic effect, while the LA weight is an indicator of the anabolic effect. Two or more batches of rats are castrated and given no treatment and respectively some AAS of interest. The LA/VP ratio for an AAS is calculated as the ratio of LA/VP weight gains produced by the treatment with that compound using castrated but untreated rats as baseline: (LAc,t. The LA/VP weight gain ratio from rat experiments is not unitary for testosterone (typically 0. Animal studies also found that fat mass was reduced, but most studies in humans failed to elucidate significant fat mass decrements. The effects on lean body mass have been shown to be dose- dependent. Both muscle hypertrophy and the formation of new muscle fibers have been observed. The hydration of lean mass remains unaffected by AAS use, although small increments of blood volume cannot be ruled out. After drug withdrawal, the effects fade away slowly, but may persist for more than 6. Overall, the exercise where the most significant improvements were observed is the bench press. AR agonists are antigonadotropic . By suppressing endogenous testosterone levels and effectively replacing AR signaling in the body with that of the exogenous AAS, the myotrophic- androgenic ratio would be expected to be further increased, and this hence may be yet an additional mechanism contributing to the differences in myotrophic- androgenic ratio. In addition, some AAS, such as nandrolone, are also potent progestogens, and activation of the progesterone receptor is antigonadotropic similarly to activation of the AR.
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